In Iran, pressurized irrigation systems is increasing. One of the requirements of pressurized irrigation systems is to supply energy to pump water. Because of non-renewal, extraction costs and environmental hazards of fossil fuels, solar energy utilization has become inevitable. Solar energy is one of the most important and cleanest forms of new energies which can return the initial cost of solar system to a customer in the long term. One of the reasons for Iran's failure to use a large part of its cultivated land is a large distance from the national electricity network and high electricity costs. In this study, solar and electric pumps were compared economically to pump water in nine gardens under drip irrigation networks including three crops: pistachio, almond, and walnut. The gardens are located in two provinces of Tehran and Hamedan. The drip irrigation system is applied in these gardens. The gardens were classified into three groups: small (less than 5 hectares), medium (5 to 60 hectares) and large (more than 60 hectares). First of all, Pumping station was designed and then investment costs were estimated for all the studied gardens. To design and simulate photovoltaic system, the Lorentz solar pump special design software was used. It is assumed that electricity would supply for these areas in two ways including 1) installation of photovoltaic systems in remote areas without a national electricity grid 2) electricity transmission through the construction of transmission lines and trans-installation. These two conditions were compared by the present value method at two interest rates, 5 and 10%. To convert future costs to present value, real interest rate index is required. Considering the difference between the useful life of equipment for electric pumps and solar pumps, as well as solar panels, the lifetime of the projects was considered unequal in calculating the current value. The results showed that the utilizing photovoltaic Pumping without distances from the electricity distribution network is only economic in 60 ha pistachio garden with an interest rate of 10%. In the walnut garden with medium size, with the same interest rate, despite the slight difference in investment cost, it is not different with electric Pumping. In the case of distance from the power distribution network, photovoltaic Pumping will be more economical by reducing farm size (less capacity and pressure) and increasing the distance from the power distribution network. Of course, other factors such as temperature, sunshine, radiation intensity and solar angles may also affect photovoltaic Pumping during different seasons. The results also showed photovoltaic Pumping of irrigation system is economic for small and medium pistachio and walnut gardens, at 0. 5 kilometres of the electric distribution network, in the interest rate of 5% and 10%. With increasing distance from the electricity distribution network, only the cost of transferring power lines to electric Pumping costs increase and the use of photovoltaic Pumping is more justifiable. Changes in the current value of costs for both Pumping methods at a rate of 10% relative to the 5% interest rate will lead to cost reductions. In remote areas, which it is difficult to access to electricity distribution and transmission networks, the use of photovoltaic Pumping is reasonable and economical. For each area, there is a specific distance from the electric distribution network which photovoltaic Pumping is reasonable for drip irrigation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a multidisciplinary concept that includes a wide range of application domains and device capabilities. The IoT technology provides a platform that allows apparatus to be monitored by sensors, connected using a communication channel, and controlled remotely across a network infrastructure. This paper represents the IoT-based remote monitoring, control, and protection of irrigation water Pumping systems. The sensors measure parameters; namely supply voltage and motor current to estimate operating conditions and provide protection. The measured parameters are sent to the user through the SIM900 GSM module for remote monitoring and control purposes. The android application has been developed to provide a better user interface, timer-based operation, status of pump and feedback notifications, etc. Protection to the pump (3-Փ Induction Motor) is provided through an ATmega 328P microcontroller embedded in the Arduino Uno board. Appropriate relay characteristics are programmed in the microcontroller for protection against various types of faults like thermal overload, single phasing, under/over voltage, voltage imbalance, reverse rotation. The system is tested in the lab and it is observed that all the protections are working satisfactorily. Single phasing is detected and the supply is tripped within 0.15 sec, undervoltage protection operated in 0.3 sec, and 5% unbalance in supply voltage is detected successfully and protection is operated within time.

Nowadays, the world is moving toward using renewable and sustainable energy sources, as much as possible. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most popular alternatives. PVs are widely used to supply electricity for Pumping systems to irrigate the farmlands. It has been proved by many scholars that PV cell temperature is a crucial factor in cell’s efficiency. In this study, a novel arrangement of a PV/Pumping system has been considered, in order to enhance the Pumping performance. To make it feasible, a small part of the pumped water is directed to a box-type passage at the backside of the PV module, and then connect to the water pipe and drain to the farmland. Two various flow rates of 5 and 10 L/min were tested. The results showed two proposed cases have a bit difference in their outputs. Accordingly, the temperature of modified cases did not pass beyond 36°C while, the temperature of the conventional module reaches to 72°C. This temperature reduction leads to about 50% higher electrical efficiency. From the output power point of view, more than 45% increase was observed. Also, an environment evaluation is performed and it was found that the present improvement can reduce emission of 34.57 tons CO2, annually.